In what ways does Usama’s text illustrate that cultural clash? To what extent do you think the terms of that clash continue to exist in the twenty-first century?
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It was Islam v Christianity.
Islam began with the crusade began by Muhammad.
It was a Crusade against the Eastern Roman empire (Byzantine empire) and began with newly created Islamists pushing the Byzantines out of the Arabian peninsula.
"By 629, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad had unified all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, previously too divided to pose a serious military challenge to the Byzantines or the Persians. Now animated by their conversion to Islam, they comprised one of the most powerful states in the region.[42] The first conflict between the Byzantines and Muslims was the Battle of Mu'tah in September 629. "
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius#War_against_the_Arabs
This was the beginning of the Crusades.
The Western Crusade would begin a few hundred years later, when the Islamists have almost been successful in pushing the Byzantines out of Asia, and Westerners would come Crusading across europe in order to put the breaks on this charge, and that would become the war of the crusades.
"By 629, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad had unified all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, previously too divided to pose a serious military challenge to the Byzantines or the Persians. Now animated by their conversion to Islam, they comprised one of the most powerful states in the region.[42] The first conflict between the Byzantines and Muslims was the Battle of Mu'tah in September 629."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius#War_against_the_Arabs
What Islam and Christianity is, may differ from person to person.
For some, it may be believers in Jesus v believers in Allah.
For others, it may be people that prefer to pay taxes to brown or black overlords, fighting those that would rather pay taxes to White overlords.
Anonymous
"cultural clash" – slightly more than that!