What type of government does Russia have?

Presidential Federative Republic.

The executive branch is headed by the Primier Minister who basically runs the cabinet. You can find the list of cabinet offices in wikipedia - they and their stucture and responsibilities change from time to time.

The legislative branch is the Legislative Gathering with two houses (wards). The lower is Duma which members are elected by party lists with a universal simultaneous popular vote (the higher percent a party gets in the elections - the more seats they get, only those who reach a certain threshold get seats). The upper is Senate which members are selected by the legislative gatherings of the Federation subjects (regions) - 2 representatives from each.

The judicial branch is comprised of a hierarchy of courts (from municipal to regional) and headed by the Supreme Court which is the top judicial authority. There is also Constitutional Court which duty is to control the legislation adherence to the constitution.

The president is de facto above all 3 branches. He appoints the Prime Minister who responses to him directly. He can dissolve the Legislative Gathering, but also can be impeached by it. He is the Commander in Chief of the Army and the legitimate representative of the country in the international affairs.

For a new legislation to be introduced it must pass 3 hearings in the Duma, then verified by the Senate, then signed by the President and then published. Only after that it is in act. All legislation must not contradict the superior legal acts: the constitution > the federal law codices (criminal codex, administrative codex, etc) > president decrees > regional laws.

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Unlike Israel (I presume you are from Israel) Russia is a country with extremely strong presidential authority. Moreover, it is the country (which is, in fact, Federation of various national states and ethnic Russian regions with inferior political status) where local governments have varying in degrees but still quite limited economic independence mostly relying on the central federal authorities in terms of finance. I wouldn't define it as a "dictatorship". It doesn't look any close to classical dictatorships like Franko's Spain, etc. But it's true that modern Russia has some obvious political authoritative traits. Who doesn't though? LOL

as someone from Yahoo team said few years back:

In theory, it is a federal Semi-Presidential Republic

in practice, it is dictatorship/autocracy

Get a book. -_-