How is Sulfur changed into these compounds without using any other sulfur containing compounds?

First you burn some sulfur in air and get SO2.

S8 + 8 O2 → 8 SO2

Then dissolve the sulfur dioxide gas in some water to get sulfurous acid:

SO2 + H2O → H2SO3

React the acid with NaOH:

H2SO3 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO3 + 2 H2O

React sodium and sulfur using anhydrous ammonia or tetrahydrofuran:

2 Na + S → Na2S

Produce SO2 as above;

React the SO2 with hydrogen peroxide:

SO2 + H2O2 → H2SO4

React the sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide:

H2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

React sulfur with sodium hydroxide:

6 NaOH + 12 S → 2 Na2S5 + Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O