A professor (thus usually wrong)

There are two hypotheses about why bruises are so visually salient on us.

Hypothesis 1: It is just what happens to mammalian skin when hit hard enough. If this is so, then dogs get bruised just as strongly as you would given a similar impact, except that they're furry, so you never see their bruises.

Hypothesis 2: Animals with bare skin like us (and other primates with bare spots on the face, chest or rump) have evolved to enhance the display of the bruise. It would be more like blushing, reddening with anger, and other color signals we "communicate" to others. Perhaps by "purposely" displaying the bruise, others can come to our aid. At any rate, if this hypothesis were the case, then a similar impact to you and a dog would lead to a much more salient bruise on you than the shaved dog. There could still be a bruise on the dog under the skin, since there will still be an injury. The question is the extent to which the animal's skin enables the bruise to be seen by us

That is, a U.N.-like organization, but one where only democratic freedom-respecting governments can belong (i.e., thugs who take over a nation cannot send their thug-representative), and whose aim is to overthrow dictators and totalitarian governments. The means could be economic, support for local democratic movements, or military; whichever is deemed most efficient and most moral.

Two potential ways of asking "should there be such an organization".

First, morally, would such a thing be justified if it were effective?

Second, would it in fact be effective?

Ideally, I would like a filter that passes exactly three distinct wavelength ranges. I could get an arbitrary two-pass via an appropriate choice of notch, but not clear how to get an arbitrary three-pass? (I have found some specific three-pass filters, but they only come in certain varieties.)

Motivation: I am interested in testing whether people tend to perceive their own skin color (or that with which they are most familiar) as fairly uncolor-ey (e.g., "white" people might describe their skin color as "peachey" if forced to give an answer, but generally find it hard to describe, and they would reject that it is in the least white), whereas people tend to perceive other skin tones as fairly color-ey (e.g., "white" people do tend to perceive the skin tones of other ethnicities as red, brown, blue or black, i.e., as color-ey). For example, I suspect that when dark-skinned people first encountered white people, they perceived their own skin as fairly uncolorey and found it hard to put a good color-name to, but they saw those light-skinned caucasions as very color-ey, namely white. Perhaps this may be why many languages use color words to refer to other ethnicities, but often not in describing their own.

For example, many caucasions are called "white," but no caucasion thinks their skin actually looks white for real. Maybe peach, tan, or something. I am interested in what you actually perceive your skin color to be, especially among those who have a skin tone others sometimes label in English with a color. E.g., reddish for some northern Europeans, brown for some people, black for others.

My bet is that whatever color-label you are called, just as most caucasions called "white" would not actually perceive their skin as in any way white, "red" Irishman would in no way perceive their skin as reddish, "blacks" would in no way perceive their skin as actually black, and so on for "brown" and "yellow". In each case, each person perceives their color to be kind of hard to describe, just as a caucasion might struggle and say peach-ish.

Alternatively, perhaps some of you are, say, called "brown" by others in the racial or ethnic sense, and ALSO truly perceive yourself to be genuinely brown.

If you are more accustomed to seeing dark skin color around you, my bet is that you are better able to see blushes (and other color changes with mood) on a dark-skinned face. It is sometimes said that even on the darkest face a blush can be seen, but it looks different than on a white person, sometimes called "blushing brown" or "the black appears to get deeper." Is any of this true? (Please, no racist jerks respond.)