science ? for the smart guys and gals?

what makes you think a modern atom bomb is the size of a couch? Nor are atom bombs a "100% efficient machine". They're usually about 25% "efficient" wrt fission.

anyway...

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an atom of U-235 can readily absorb a passing neutron, become unstable and split. Releasing the absorbed neutron + 2 more neutrons + 200 MeV of energy. If another atom captures one of those 3 neutrons and undergoes fission, etc. Then another. Then another in a chain process. This is called a "chain reaction" And the mass is a "critical mass". if all three of those neutrons escape, the mass is "sub-critical". if more than 1 are absorbed, the mass is "supercritical".

An atomic bomb works by having a large number of U-235 atoms arranged spatially just so.. so that you have a "supercritical mass". And 25% or so of those atoms fizz

let's say you start with.. oh.. 10kg of U235 atoms. You will generate this much energy with a 25% yield bomb...

10kg U235 x (1000g / 1kg) x (1 mole atoms / 235g) x (6.022x10^23 atoms / mole) x (25 atoms fizz / 100 atoms) x (200 MeV / 1 atom) x (1.602x10^-13 J / 1 MeV) = 2x10^14 J

That energy is instantly produced in the core of the bomb when the bomb detonates. Which is about the size of a softball. Any idea how much energy that is? Think of your neighborhood pool. let's say it's 4ft deep full of water and 80°F. That much energy can heat up and vaporize a pool 1680ft by 1680ft. That's 1/4 mile by 1/4 mile by 4ft deep vaporized instantly.

So what happens is this. mass is converted to energy. energy instantly heats up everything near it. A temperature profile is created. the air is instantly pressurized P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2 right? increase in temp --> increase in P... so the air expands. FAST.

The extreme temperatures vaporized everything nearby. The overpressure knocks flat whatever hasn't vaporized. That same process goes for all bombs and whatnot. high energy + high temperature + high pressure = burned and blown apart.

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well the atom bomb (in simple terms) involved an already unstable (or a few thousand) and quite a bit of explosives. as for it never failing, there has yet to be a flawless machine

Also the pressure of a "split" atom coming apart has enough force to knock apart the ones around it, making a chin reaction. Hence the ripple effect.

after it explodes it turns into nuclear energy or waste as. size does not matter but the amount does and it also counts on the density