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1) Refraction - Due to change of media between water and air.

2) Medium - Refraction only happens when the light waves passes from one transparent medium to another.

3) It is bent away from the normal to the surface - As the speed in second medium is higher, it is a rarer medium and first medium is denser.

4) Bent towards the normal - Water is rarer medium and Diamond is a denser medium here.

5) 18.0° - As the glass is denser medium, the light ray will get refracted towards normal, so angle will decrease.

6) 23°

Here, n = sin i / sin r, where n = refractive index, i = incident angle, r = refracted angle.

So, 1.49 = sin 35° / sin r

sin r = 0.57 / 1.49

r = 22.64° ~ 23°

7) 28.7°

Here, sin i / sin r = ng / nc

sin r = (nc / ng) sin i

sin r = (1.46/1.52) sin 30

sin r = 0.48

r = 28.70

8) 2.41

nd/ na = sin i / sin r = sin 45 / sin 17 = 2.418

But, na = refractive index of Air = 1

nd = 2.418

16) Total internal reflection

18) Sunlight is spread into a spectrum when it enters a spherical raindrop.

20) To burn paper, the light rays must concentrate at a certain point to produce maximum energy.

The light rays concentrate at foci of lens if, sunlight is incident on it. (Sunlight has parallel rays from infinite distance). So, paper must be at the foci of lens!

24) n = 1.63, i = 28.0°, r = ?

n(carbon disulphide) = sin i / sin r

sin r = sin i / n = sin 28 / 1.63 = 0.288

r = 16.74°

25) i = 56.0°, r = 22.0°

n = sin i / sin r = sin 56 / sin 22 = 0.829 / 0.374 = 2.21

26) For Air to Ice Media,

n ice = 1.309 i = 46

n ice = sin i / sin r

sin r = sin i / n = sin 46 / 1.309 = 0.549

r = 33.335°

For Ice to Glycerine Media,

i gly = r ice = 33.335°

n gly w.r.t. ice = V ice / V gly = n gly / n ice = 1.473 / 1.309 = 1.125

n gly w.r.t. ice = sin i / sin r

sin r = sin i / n = sin 46 / 1.125 = 0.639

r = 39.748°

27) For Air to Carbon disulphide Media,

nc = 1.628 i = 55

nc = sin i / sin r

sin r = sin i / n = sin 55 / 1.628 = 0.503

r = 30.21°

For Carbon disulphide to Water Media,

i water = r carbon disulphide = 30.21°

n water w.r.t. Carbon disulphide = V Carbon disulphide / V water = n Water / n Carbon disulphide = 1.333 / 1.628 = 0.8187

n water w.r.t. Carbon disulphide = sin i / sin r

sin r = sin i / n = sin 30.21 / 0.8187 = 0.614

r = 37.92°

For answers of the ray diagrams in question no. 19, 21, 22. I have to send images.

If, you want, I can do that!

I hope all the answers are correct. Please, recheck them!

Thanks!

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