identify four methods that have historically been used to confirm the “femaleness” of an athlete?

genetic tests

hormone levels

inspecting genitals

1. Asking. "Hey, are you a male or a female?"

2. Physical exam. A doctor notes whether the athlete has a hoo-hoo-dilly or a cha-cha.

3. Microscope examination of cells to check for Barr body

4. Karyogram to check for normal 46,XX

5. More karyograms because someone was found to be mosaic.

6. DNA checking for SRY gene (which indicates male)

7. Checking for androgen insensitivity (if individual has SRY)

8. Giving up on the idea and... going back to asking.