Would a neodymium magnet stick to titanium?

You need something that is ferromagnetic. Something that is paragmagnetic or diamagnetic will not attract the magnet strongly enough.

The ferromagnetic elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel.

Iron is stronger for the same volume than titanium (but is much denser), as are alloys of iron (steel). Cobalt and nickel and any alloys I know of based on them will be weaker than titanium.

So, the simple answer is that steel is your closest.

Iron, Nickel or Cobalt. None share Titanium's properties. Actually Iron as steel is strong, Titanium's valued property is low density not strength.

Steel, iron.