Electron configuration and titrations?

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Carbon has four valence electrons and can form four bonds with hydrogen to make methane. You might be wanting to have those four electrons be unpaired:

C ..... 1s2, 2s2 2p2........ ground state

C* ... 1s2, 2s1 2p3 ........ excited state where electrons are unpaired

hybridization ... 1s2, 2sp3 ......... The orbitals "hybridize" to form four bonds pointed towards the corners of a tetrahedron. This makes the bond angles 109.5 degrees.

......H

.......|

......C

..../..|..\

.H...H..H

Oxygen in water

O ...... 1s2, 2s2 2p4 ......... ground state, two unpaired electrons, two lone pairs

Oxygen forms bonds with two hydrogen atoms, and still has two lone pairs.

The electron-pair geometry around oxygen is tetrahedral, and the molecular geometry is "bent" (according to VSEPR theory). The two lone pairs cause some distortion in the bond angle making it about 104.5 degrees instead of 109.5 degrees.

•• O ••

.. /...\

H .... H

HC2H3O2(aq) + NaOH(aq) --> NaC2H3O2(aq) + HOH(l)

25.0 mL .............. 40.6 mL

??? M ................. 0.493M

0.0406L x (0.493 mol NaOH / 1L) x (1 mol HC2H3O2 / 1 mol NaOH) / 0.0250L = 0.801M HC2H3O2

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Next time you use a photo, turn it and crop it so it can be read.

The first question is if Carbon has two unpaired electrons why can it form four bonds

the p orbital has 2 electrons in it ..

the fact that the p orbital is not filled also means that the S orbital electrons are not tightly bound to the Carbon nucleus

that means the two electrons in the S ORBITAL are free to bond.

when carbon bonds it forms FOUR combined orbitals calld SP orbitals.

because there are FOUR available electrons they are equally spaced around the NUCLEUS forming a four orbiital pyramid

each orbital is the same shape and is exactly the same distance from the others

o

........C

....o...o....o

the three on the botom form a triangular shape with equal sides

the C is at the apex of the triangle

the one at the top is single lobe

these orbitals are callled HYBRID orbitals.

I think each of the orbitals are 120 degs from each other ..

I am not sure if this helps

Ffff try egg. The thg