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What is the limiting reactant, and why I am I getting a contradiction?
Consider the burning of hydrogen gas using oxygen to produce water:
Balanced: 2H2 + O2 ----> 2H2O
If it was somehow possible to put an equal number of H2 and O2 molecules in the system. So 2 of each,
I would get 2 molecules of H2O produced with 1 molecule of unreacted oxygen. Since oxygen is in excess then H2 must be the limiting reactant.
But if I start with 1 gram of each, from 1 gram H2 I get 9 grams H2O; whereas from 1 gram O2 I get 1.125 g H2O. Therefore, I get less product from O2 so oxygen should be the limiting reactant.
Calculations:
1 g H2 * (1 mole H2 / 2 g H2) * (2 moles H2O / 2 moles H2) * (18 grams H2O / 1 mole H2O) = 9 grams H2O
1 g O2 * (1 mole O2 / 32 g O2) * (2 moles H2O / 1 mole O2) * (18 g H2O / 1 mole H2O ) = 1.125 g H2O
2 molecules H2 * (2 molecules H2O / 2 molecule H2) = 2 molecules of H2O
2 molecule O2 * (2 molecules H2O / 1 molecule O2) = 4 molecules H2O.
Summary:
When I use an equal number of molecules of each reactant,
I get less molecules of H2O from H2 so I conclude H2 is the limiting reactant.
When I use an equal number of grams of each reactant, I get less mass (g) of H2O from O2 so I conclude O2 is the limiting reactant.
Did I somehow choose a mass in grams of O2 which is an exception to the rule?
Is it just assumed that when you burn hydrogen gas, you do it outside or in a room with a huge amount of molecules of oxygen gas (compared to hydrogen gas) so oxygen gas is in excess because it is not reacting with all the hydrogen gas?
But in my example, I had more molecules of hydrogen gas than oxygen gas so all the oxygen gas was used up leaving unreacted hydrogen gas and thus oxygen is the limiting reagent.
So the limiting reagent depends upon quantity and is not absolute!?
1 Answer
- Mike ALv 72 years ago
You are considering two different situations. Where you have an equal number of molecules (or moles let's keep it real an talk moles rather than molecules) you have a deficiency of H2 because the equation requires a 2:1 ratio of H2 to O2.
Where you have equal masses of each you have a LARGE excess of H2 over O2 ie a ratio of 16:1 so in that case O2 is the limiting reactant.
In any reaction the limiting reactant depends on the proportions of each reactant taken relative to what is required by the balanced equation.