philosophes believed that reason and observation reveal the natural laws governing the universe, and?

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Sorry the assumption in your question is already wrong. Some philosophers believed that ,not all of them. If you take Hobbs for instance he did not believe that, he thought men were evil. There are others who had different views and among them Nietzsche .Secondly you do not suggest, I hope, that Hitler was a philosopher do you? He was a mass murderer and his ideology was the supremacy of the white man, nothing philosophical about that.

Uh, no. There are ten postulates in Euclidean geometry. A postulate is purely something asserted to be genuine. From those postulates each and every of the theorems in Euclidean area are derived. It change into no longer that Euclidean geometry change into got here across to be logically inconsistent. It change into that different geometries were got here across that were logically consistent through replacing one or 2 of those postulates. If any of those non-Euclidean geometries change into got here across to be logically inconsistent then they could were brushed aside. In different words the existence of non_Euclidean geometries does no longer advise that any wondering human being abandoned common sense, least of all mathematicians. If the note "genuine" is to have any meaning in any respect than for something to be genuine it really is going to also be logical. it style of feels you're trying to flee the requirement that your beliefs be evidenced and logical with the intention to be universal through purely postulating that it really is senseless on your loved considered so. if you're inspired through that type of ingredient you're welcome to it. despite the indisputable fact that, do not assume such claims to take delivery of any credibility on an psychological level.