Help please....?

In short:

1) They are nominated by the President and then Confirmed by the Senate.

2) There is Chief Justice John Roberts; Associate Justices;

John Paul Stevens, Antonin Scalia ,Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito

3) Typically those on appeal through the federal circuit that raise questions of constitutionality.

4) Arguments are considered in the framework of the Constitution with the justices grouping into a majority and minority opinion.

4) They don't always use legal reasoning. Very often if is political reasoning especially with the Republican appointed justices.

The other questions I will leave for you. I'm sure if you read just one chapter or less in your text you will easily find the answers.