Could use some MicoBiologly Help?

Pili: Small proteinaceous appendages found on bacteria

used for conjugation (exchange of genetic material

between bacterial cells, "sex" between bacteria) A

special type of pilus, called Fimbriae, is used by bacteria

to attach to surfaces

Capsule: Mucopolyssacharide (carbohydrate) layer residing

outside the cell wall in SOME but not all bacterial

cells, predominant in pathogenic organisms.

Cell Wall: Made of peptidoglycans which are polymers of

N-acetylneuraminic acid alternating with N-acetyl-

glucosamine linked to penta-glycine bridges

Their main role is that they protect the bacteria from

Lysis in hypotonic environment, also help maintain

cell shape and role in binary fission.

1. Protection from phagocytes (white blood cells)

2. Protection from viruses

3. Protection from dessication (drying out of

Bacteria)

4. Prevents entry of toxic substances into cell

Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer along with proteins and

carbohydrates outside the cytoplasm that

function in transport and communication. It

is also involved in ATP production.

5. Anaerobs produce energy by 2 ways:

1. Fermentation

C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate → 2 lactic acid +

2 ATP by lactic acid fermentation

C6H12O6 + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate → 2 C2H5OH + 2

CO2 + 2 ATP

6. Anerobic respiration:

If the electron acceptor in the transport chain in the

bacterial cell wall is anything other then oxygen ie.

internally-generated electron acceptor, usually pyruvate.

The transport chain generates the proton-motive force

used in ATP production much like in cellular respiration.

7. These are reducing equivalents or electron donors which

can be organic, ie. NADH or even inorganic hydrogen or

sulfide

8. Fermentation allows the cell to regenerate reducing

equivalents and continue to make ATP, by coupling it to the

oxidation of a small molecule such as pyruvate and

producing lactate, ethanol, hydrogen, butyrate, etc. in the

process and allows to cell continue to produce ATP

anaerobically. Please note that the end-products are NOT

fully oxidized and still contain chemical potential energy,

consequently much less ATP is produced as a result.

There are extensive answers to these questions. Here are some brief ones to get you started.

For the following bacterial parts, give the structure (what is it composed of) and the function (what does it do).

1. pili

see definitions at: http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/Definiti...

2. capsule

see definitions at: http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/Definiti...

3. cell wall

see definitions at: http://blue.utb.edu/biology/Oliva/terms_and_defini...

4. cell membrane

see definitions at: http://blue.utb.edu/biology/Oliva/terms_and_defini...

5. What are the pathways used for aerobic metabolism of glucose.

TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, aka Kreb's cycle

6. What are the pathways used for anaerobic metabolism of glucose.

Which organisms? The main pathways used (depending upon the organism) are:

Embden-Meyerhof

Heterolactic (Phosphoketolase)

Entner-Doudoroff

7. What molecules transport electrons to the electron transport pathway.

NADH(2)

FADH(2)

Please note the "(2)" denotes a subscript.

8. What is the purpose of fermentative metabolism.

Simply put, fermentative metabolism produces energy (in the form of ATP) in the absence of oxygen.