glucose broken down in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

Before glucose can be converted into ATP, it has be broken down into two pyruvate molecules (the ionized form of pyruvic acid). This process is known as glycolysis. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm and can occur without the presence of oxygen and is the primary energy source for most organisms. This process consumes two ATP molecules, and produces four ATP molecules and two NADH2+ molecules. Glycolysis is summarized below:

1. Glucose 6-phosphate is formed when the 6th carbon on the glucose molecule is phosphorylated by an ATP molecule.

2. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into a 5-carbon ring isomer, fructose 6-phosphate.

3. Fructose 6-phosphate is phosphorylated by another ATP to form fructose 1, 6-diphosphate.

4. Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate is processed by an enzyme into two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules.

5. Two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are oxidized, losing hydrogen atoms and gaining phosphate groups to form 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate. Two molecules of NAD+ are converted into NADH2+ in the process.

6. Two 1,3-diphosphoglycerate molecules phosphorylate ADP (adenine diphosphate) to yield two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate and two ATPs are produced.

7. The phosphate groups on 3-phosphoglycerate move to the 2nd carbon, forming 2-phosphoglycerate.

8. The two 2-phosphoglycerate molecules are dehydrated and forms two high-energy phosphoenolpyruvate molecules.

9. The two phospoenolpyruvate phosphorylates two ADPs and produces two more ATPs and two molecules of pyruvate.

After the glucose molecule has been converted two pyruvate, it is then sent to the Kreb Cycle to be converted into more usable forms of energy.

The pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes further breakdown through a process called aerobic respiration in most organisms. This process requires oxygen and yields much more energy than glycolysis. Aerobic respiration is divided into two processes: the Krebs cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain, which produces ATP through chemiosmotic phosphorylation. The energy conversion is as follows:

C6H12O6 + 6O -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

Krebs Cycle

The pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis contain a lot of energy in the bonds between their molecules. In order to use that energy, the cell must convert it into the form of ATP. To do so, pyruvate molecules are processed through the Kreb Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle.

1. Prior to entering the Krebs Cycle, pyruvate must be converted into acetyl CoA (pronounced: acetyl coenzyme A). This is achieved by removing a CO2 molecule from pyruvate and then removing an electron to reduce an NAD+ into NADH. An enzyme called coenzyme A is combined with the remaining acetyl to make acetyl CoA which is then fed into the Krebs Cycle. The steps in the Krebs Cycle are summarized below:

2. Citrate is formed when the acetyl group from acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate from the previous Krebs cycle..

3. Citrate is converted into its isomer isocitrate..

4. Isocitrate is oxidized to form the 5-carbon α-ketoglutarate. This step releases one molecule of CO2 and reduces NAD+ to NADH2+.

5. The α-ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl CoA, yielding CO2 and NADH2+.

6. Succinyl CoA releases coenzyme A and phosphorylates ADP into ATP.

7. Succinate is oxidized to fumarate, converting FAD to FADH2.

8. Fumarate is hydrolized to form malate.

9. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+ to NADH2+.

We are now back at the beginning of the Krebs Cycle. Because glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules from one glucose, each glucose is processes through the kreb cycle twice. For each molecule of glucose, six NADH2+, two FADH2, and two ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

What happens to the NADH2+ and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle? The molecules have been reduced, receiving high energy electrons from the pyruvic acid molecules that were dismantled in the Krebs Cycle. Therefore, they represent energy available to do work. These carrier molecules transport the high energy electrons and their accompanying hydrogen protons from the Krebs Cycle to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

In a number of steps utilizing enzymes on the membrane, NADH2+ is oxidized to NAD+, and FADH2 to FAD. The high energy electrons are transferred to ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c molecules, the electron carriers within the membrane. The electrons are then passed from molecule to molecule in the inner membrane of the mitochondron, losing some of their energy at each step. The final transfer involves the combining of electrons and H2 atoms with oxygen to form water. The molecules that take part in the transport of these electrons are referred to as the electron transport chain.

The process can be summarized as follows: the electrons that are delivered to the electron transport system provide energy to "pump" hydrogen protons across the inner m

How Is Glucose Broken Down

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glucose broken down in cellular respiration?

Can someone explain the process byy wich glucose is broken down in cellular respiration to me please =)

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aerobic bacteria are what they are called. as the term implies, aerobic, they use air in order to produce energy (in the form of ATP) from a glucose molecule. this is a rather lengthy and highly detailed process, but to cut the long story short, it starts with glycolysis (the breaking down of glucose), then it goes to the Kreb's cycle, then to the electron transport system. the latter two happen inside the mitochondria in the matrix called cristae; however the first one happens outside the mitochondria. all in all u get 36 or 38 ATP in one cycle :D i hope this helps, Godbless :D

Cheesecake

ummm i think google has the answers. I just don't feel like looking them up for ya. XP

yes i agree with him

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