how are our political parties able to have such loose structure as opposed to those in a parliamentary system?

In a parliamentary system, especially one with proportional representation (boo! hiss!), you can have a party for anything, from the Free Cake party to the Dog Raper party. When members of these parties assemble in parliament, they negotiate until a coalition is formed that represents a majority of the members.

In the US, most elections require a candidate to get over 50% of the vote in their area, thus they have to be more inclusive of the diverse view of their constituents. Traditionally, the Democrats are for higher taxes, higher government spending, and moral relativism. The Republicans are (supposed to be) for lower taxes, smaller government, and defending the values of the nation's Founders. When the Repubs were in power recently, they did a crappy job of that, so the nation fired them and hired Obama and Nancy Pelosi. Now the nation sees that Obama is worse, so in 2010, the power in the Congress will go back to Republicans, and a Republican will be elected President in 2012.

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