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Arguments against eugenics?
What are the arguments against implementing eugenics programs? Other than encroachment on personal freedom and religious reasons.
5 Answers
- NiotuloveLv 61 decade agoFavorite Answer
1. As a form of selective breeding, eugenics raises concerns of designer babies, creating genes that are not necessarily found in nature, and deciding which genes are or are not favorable according to the cultural and moral standards of society.
2. Deleterious genes today may serve some beneficial evolutionary function tomorrow. If they are weeded out, we may never know.
- Anonymous1 decade ago
Nazism used biology to justify mass murder. In doing so it detonated biological complacency, shattered public and scientific confidence, and tainted the entire subject, especially genetics, for years afterwards, possibly for ever. Some would deny this. Recently, the British geneticist Steve Jones wrote: ‘Genetics is, at last, like Germany, ready to stop apologising for its past.’ But this shows a failure to understand the true depth of the problem revealed by Nazism. For Hitler demonstrated the appalling dangers implicit in science's invasion of the human realm.
At this point scientists will become angry and argue that Hitler’s science was not really science at all. Even when it wasn't completely wrong - which it was most of the time - it was absurdly oversimplified, they say. To condemn a science on the basis of one psychopath is like banning cricket because a bat was once used to murder somebody.
But this is to miss the point completely. It is a self-serving argument that can be used to free science from any responsibility at all. I believe it is essential that this argument be rejected. And here, in the contemplation of the catastrophe of Nazism, is a good place to do it.
First, as I have said, much of the basis of Hitler's biology was valid in the light of knowledge at the time. It was arguable but scientifically respectable. We may say it is wrong now, but we could say the same of most past science. For example, we can say Newton was ‘wrong’ because Einstein’s theories showed that his celestial mechanics were, in reality, a rough generalisation, not true In any absolute sense. In these terms most science is wrong most of the time - not just the ‘bad’ science of Haeckel, but also the ‘good’ science of Newton. Five hundred years from now virtually all the science of our day will be regarded as similarly wrong. It is, therefore, ridiculous to say that the institution of science is unaffected by the mistakes of the past because they werebased on wrong science.
Second, it was the very persuasiveness, the immense authority of science that convinced Hitler and his followers. For, in spite of being wrong most of the time, science always appears to be right. Indeed, it increasingly appears to be the only right thing available. This is in part because scientists always say they are right, but it is also because science is so extraordinarily effective. I cannot, by reading the Buddha's Fire Sermon or reciting Christian prayers, make a Boeing 747 fly from London to New York. By applying engineering and aeronautics, I can.
This staggering effectiveness convinces people that science is all-powerful and that if something is labelled ‘scientific’, it must be true or feasible. Scientists, of course, go along with this because it exalts their social status. Yet, in doing so, they are implicated in the outcome - whether it is pollution of the environment by some insecticide or the murder of six million Jews. Science is guilty in both cases because scientists said these things could or should be done. It provided reasons that were believed because science was believed to be the truth. The message should be clear: to perpetuate any gospel of the omnipotence or even the omniscience of science is to dip your hands in blood.
Third, the application of science to the human realm is always going to be fraught with dangers, no matter how well-meaning the scientist. Establishing truths of human behaviour is difficult because, on the one hand, the scientist is human; he has attitudes and opinions. As the history of eugenics shows, scientists invariably have a cultural bias which they apply to their observations. On the other hand, the human observed is changed in unquantifiable ways by the act of observation. When told, for example, of the existence of the subconscious by a Freudian psychoanalyst, you become a different person; in ways that are impossible to measure, your behaviour will be changed. This makes it all but impossible to be sure of any generalisation about human behaviour.
We should be warned by the crass absurdity of the supposedly scientific observations of humanity in previous generations. (For example, look at phrenology. We cannot assume we are so much smarter than the phrenologists.) James Watson and many other scientists have argued that we will not make the mistakes of the past because we know so much more. That is absurd, first because we will never be able to judge when ‘more’ becomes enough and second, because there is no reason to suppose that even perfect scientific information will make us behave any better.
And, finally, science tends towards radicalism. Science is reductionist. Its success is based on the assumption that the whole can be explained in terms of its parts. It aspires to discover the ultimate simplicity behind complex phenomena. Some scientists today are challenging this approach, but it is unarguable that the history of science is the history of reductionism. The co
- Anonymous1 decade ago
As a social movement, eugenics reached its height of popularity in the early decades of the 20th century. By the end of World War II eugenics had been largely abandoned.[2] Although current trends in genetics have raised questions amongst critical academics concerning parallels between pre-war attitudes about eugenics and current "utilitarian" and social theories allegedly related to Darwinism,[3] they are, in fact, only superficially related and somewhat contradictory to one another.[4] At its pre-war height, the movement often pursued pseudoscientific notions of racial supremacy and purity.[5]
Eugenics was practiced around the world and was promoted by governments, and influential individuals and institutions. Its advocates regarded it as a social philosophy for the improvement of human hereditary traits through the promotion of higher reproduction of certain people and traits, and the reduction of reproduction of certain people and traits.[6]
Today it is widely regarded as a brutal movement which inflicted massive human rights violations on millions of people.[7] The "interventions" advocated and practiced by eugenicists involved prominently the identification and classification of individuals and their families, including the poor, mentally ill, blind, promiscuous women, homosexuals and entire racial groups——such as the Roma and Jews——as "degenerate" or "unfit"; the segregation or institutionalisation of such individuals and groups, their sterilization, euthanasia, and in the extreme case of Nazi Germany, their mass extermination.[8]
The practices engaged in by eugenicists involving violations of privacy, attacks on reputation, violations of the right to life, to found a family, to freedom from discrimination are all today classified as violations of human rights. The practice of negative racial aspects of eugenics, after World War II, fell within the definition of the new international crime of genocide, set out in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.[9]
The modern field and term were first formulated by Sir Francis Galton in 1883,[10] drawing on the recent work of his half-cousin Charles Darwin.[11][12] At its peak of popularity eugenics was supported by prominent people, including Margaret Sanger,[13][14] Marie Stopes, H. G. Wells, Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, Emile Zola, George Bernard Shaw, John Maynard Keynes, John Harvey Kellogg, Linus Pauling[15] and Sidney Webb.[16][17][18] Its most infamous proponent and practitioner was, however, Adolf Hitler who praised and incorporated eugenic ideas in Mein Kampf, and emulated Eugenic legislation for the sterilization of "defectives" that had been pioneered in the United States.[19]
G. K. Chesterton was an early critic of the philosophy of eugenics, expressing this opinion in his book, Eugenics and Other Evils. Eugenics became an academic discipline at many colleges and universities, and received funding from many sources.[20] Three International Eugenics Conferences presented a global venue for eugenicists with meetings in 1912 in London, and in 1921 and 1932 in New York. Eugenic policies were first implemented in the early 1900s in the United States.[21] Later, in the 1920s and 30s, the eugenic policy of sterilizing certain mental patients was implemented in a variety of other countries, including Belgium,[22] Brazil,[23] Canada,[24] and Sweden,[25] among others. The scientific reputation of eugenics started to decline in the 1930s, a time when Ernst Rüdin used eugenics as a justification for the racial policies of Nazi Germany, and when proponents of eugenics among scientists and thinkers prompted a backlash in the public. Nevertheless, the second largest known eugenics program, created by social democrats in Sweden, continued until 1975.[25]
Since the postwar period, both the public and the scientific communities have associated eugenics with Nazi abuses, such as enforced racial hygiene, human experimentation, and the extermination of "undesired" population groups. However, developments in genetic, genomic, and reproductive technologies at the end of the 20th century have raised many new questions and concerns about what exactly constitutes the meaning of eugenics and what its ethical and moral status is in the modern era.
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- 5 years ago
Salvationists state that people are not animals, and physically base that statement on the fact that there are no living links between animals and people. The reason there are no living links between animals and people is that all those links were exterminated by people.
These programs of extermination have become deliberate and organized. Adolph Hitler had the volumes of Helena Blavatsky's "Secret Doctrine", and "Isis Unveiled", in the book case that was right next to his bed. This system of evolution was explained in more simple terms in Max Heindel's "Rosicrucian Cosmoconception", in which species, races, and nationalities are listed in order of their designated superiority.
Jews were considered to be the remains of the "third evolution of the fourth race", thus, inferior to the "fourth evolution of the fourth race". This scheme was derived from the "Secret Doctrine", which supposedly derived it from ancient writings from Tibet. The scheme repeated itself holographically, repeated systems within systems, with the greater scheme representing the descent of life from the spiritual (1), to the astral (2), to the ethereal (3), to the physical (4).
But, on the way down, life in the spiritual had the consciousness of minerals, life in the astral had the consciousness of plants, life in the ethreal had the consciousness of animals, and then, life in the physical had human consciousness. The evolution of life back up, in the ethereal (5) will have the consciousness of angels, in the astral (6) archangels, and back up in the spiritual (7) principalities.
In this system there are higher evolutionary life waves so that angels are the group spirits of groups (like families, teams, etc.), archangels are the group spirits of organizations, and, principalities are the group spirits of societies. The Greek word for group spirit, also derived from the root "dem", from which we get our word "democracy", is "demon".
Coincidently, this system was actually based on the Hebrew Kaballah: the spiritual, which the Jews called Atziluth; the astral, called Briah; the ethreal, called Yetzirah; and, the physical called Assiah. All freemasonic symbolism is based on the Jewish tradition, yet, before the mid Twentieth Century Jews were not allowed to join the lodge. Later Jews were allowed to have their own freemasonic lodges, but were deprived of the supreme grand secret which, thanks to modern medicine, can be printed on a bumper sticker: "Vagal stimulation is as effective as LSD".
Adolph Hitler closed all freemasonic lodges? He only allowed his own lodge to exist secretly. Adolph Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, and Tito, were Thelemite freemasons; and today, Mugabe is a Thelemite freemason. The falcon, Ra Hoor Khuit (Horus) is on the Zimbabwean flag. This idol was found in ancient ruins in Zimbabwe, and it was back in those ancient times brought down from ancient Egypt; but, Mugabwe adopted the current, ubiquitous Thelemism for his Machiavellian goals. And, Thelemism is based on that ancient Egyptian scheme that was brought down to Zimbabwe in ancient times.
It is conspicuous that all the major "satanic" cults promise immediate nonexistence after death, to avoid the return of all the evil karma caused by such cruelty. It has always been quite obvious that "In the one substance, energy, motion can only be in closed circuitry, that there be something to move out of the way and fill in behind", so that even these satanists knew that their evil karma was on the way back to them; but, if they became nonexistent, they wouldn't exist to feel it.
Even the Ninjas believe that Benzeiten (Ben Satan?), the Japanese Kali (Satan in drag), will absorb them into nonexistence. Kali is the personification of Nothingness. And, Kali promised her Thugee nonexistence after death. Adolph Hitler also belonged to the Order of Satrurn (Satan), and Aleister Crowley's Thelemite O.T.O, the Agentum Astris (The Great White Brotherhood, also known as the Illuminati today),as well the the Thule Society.
In the Thelemite bible, Liber Al Vel Legis (Liber Evil Legis) in the first chapter, Nuit (the personification of the infinite nothingness of outer space) promises to absorb her worshipers back into nothingness after death. But, a selfish disregard of others begins in chapter one. In chapter two it starts to get elitist and nasty. Chapter two is Hadit's chapter, and he represents the infinitesimal point nothingness. Chapter three is Ra Hoor Khuit's chapter, and it is atrocious, commanding murder and torture of all those considered inferior.
The Illuminati's Guide Stones in Georgia order that the population of the human race be reduced to only fifty million people. The other six billion five hundred million of us are to be exterminated. The concentration camps are built; and, efforts are being made to eliminate our Constitution. With a Muslim in power there is an attempt to put America under an Islamic government, which will enable the Illuminati to exterminate everyone who knows their supreme grand secret, "Vagal stimulation is as effective as LSD".
In the past this knowledge of our own bodies was kept secret particularly to identify descendants of Cro Magnon Man. All Cro Magnon males have Double Y Chromosomes, and easily stumble upon this secret. Many malicious lies have scandalized Double Y's. Any male caught knowing anything about this secret was genetically tested for Double Y "syndrome", and if the test was positive, was, at the very least, sterilized. In the socialized medicine summit of 1995, it was promised that all Double Y's would be "locked up" (imprisoned for life). Now, that the whole human DNA has been read, female Cro Magnons can now be identified.
Before modern genetics, Cro Magnons, called the Anakim in the Bible, were suspected of being Cro Magnons by their instinctual knowledge of the supreme grand secret. Surely some Homo Sapiens were mistakenly captured during this perpetual inquisition since the beginning of "civilization"; but now, six billion five hundred million people are to be exterminated. And, the "inquisition" will continue to keep the population from exceeding five hundred million. It is no wonder that there are no species, or subspecies, between the human race and the animals.