I need advice on tadpoles that I came across outside on my patio...?

they probably won't hurt to have the water changed, it would help reduce the ammonia toxins that will build up...would think a small vessel like a bowl may be too hard on them to make it through winter... the ones not ready to mature will pass through the winter into the next season, Mine are in a small pond up to 10-12 inches deep and even when it freezes over the water below isn't frozen so they survive to the next year.

edit: I am in N hemisphere and my last brood was laid in September

Where in the world are you?

Are you sure these are tadpoles and not mosquito larvae that are of similar shape and commonly develop in stagnant water?

Amphibians in the northern hemisphere would not have produced tadpoles this late in the year, you wouldn't expect to see them before March at the earliest.