Besides potatoes and Jerusalem artichokes, what are other edible tubers?

Tubers fall into two groups, root tubers and stem tubers.

Root tubers include:

sweet potatoes

Conopodium majus

Mirabilis expansa

Cassava - Manihot esculenta

Stem tubers include:

potatoes

Apios americana

Plectranthus edulis

Oxalis tuberosa

Helianthus tuberosus

Taro is a corm but sometimes the side corms may be called "tubers"

Tuber magnatum is not a plant but a mushroom, so its not a plant tuber, but was given its name because the below ground growth looks like a tuber.

Cassava

Tiger Nuts (not a nut but the tuber of a type of papyrus)

And yes, taro plants do have tubers

Incidentally, Tuber magnatum is the Italian White Truffle, just ONE of which recently sold for £28000!

manioc

yams

sweet potatoes

Oca

Non-tuber root crops:

parsnips

beets/rutabaga

turnips

radishes

Yams

I think beats are one