Help me with these biology questions please.?

1. Proton pumps are intended to set up a gradient (difference in concentration) across a membrane.

Because all atoms, molecules, or ions will only ever have a net movement down their gradient without assistance, any sort of pump that creates a concentration gradient must consume energy.

Choice 1 can be eliminated immediately. Choices B and C describe processes by which the cell packages things in vesicles and transports them into or out of the cell, which is unrelated to pumping transport. They can also be eliminated.

There is no choice for movement across mitochondrial membranes, which is generally for what ATP pumps are employed, so I will assume that the protons are being released by the cells, perhaps for the purpose of digestion. The answer, tentatively, is E.

2. Cholesterol isn't water, so it doesn't move by osmosis; there are no special transport proteins that allow it to move by facilitated diffusion; it is not engulfed by cells (phagocytosis) or taken in en masse with the surrounding media (pinocytosis). Rather, it binds to a specific receptor, which signals the cell to package it into a vesicle and take it inside. The answer is A.

3. Chlorophyll is a chemical compound, not an organelle. The answer is E.

4. We can eliminate the last two choices immediately. Proton gradients are almost always used to generate ATP in some fashion. Electrons are passed along proteins in the membrane during photophosphorylation, so the answer can't be A or B. The answer is C.

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