Molecular Bio help, please?

Bleh,

Molecular biology is a massively hard class without adding evolution into the picture. Your teacher should be lined up next to Jane Fonda when the end comes lol.

1)

It has been pretty well documented that eukaryotic genomes tend to expand very suddenly in evolutionary terms by repeated duplication by mobile elements. Then over time the genomes slowly shrink as un-needed stuff is trimmed off. Repeated elements tend to be able to mutate and produce viable offspring since there are good copies that remain. Eventually the copied elements will be co-opted for a different use, or produce variations that can eventually lead to speciation. There is very good evidence that the origin of mobile elements is viral. There is growing evidence of bacterial origin on some of these elements as well.

It sounds like your teacher has an ax to grind over the issue of epigenetics. Much of what you are being asked to discuss is still highly theoretical, the ceRNA stuff especially is very new. The thing to do here is just make your teacher happy by writing something that confirms their opinion. Take the basic background I wrote above, and tie it back into whatever your teacher has said about epigenetics and ceRNA's. Most of this stuff will probably pan out to be mostly true, but we don't really know.

2)

part (a) and (b) should be obviouse, if the repair mechanisms break, then mutation will be passed on and can eventually lead to cancer. And mutations are random, so different individuals will have different mutations not repaired.

(c) is a bit more subtle, but if you think about skin cells needing a boatload or repair protein to fend off UV damage, you can see why having reduced expression is a problem. Likewise, having reduced protein effectiveness can be a problem in any cell.

(d) the biggie here is apoptosis, cancer cells are resistant to signals for apoptosis.

3)

The thing to understand here is that if an essential gene is mutated, the cell will probably die or become ineffective and not reproduce. Its effect will be minimized. If the mechanism that activates the gene is mutated, alternate pathways can often compensate for reduced expression. This is the mechanism that allows activator sequence mutations to remain and be passed on.

Good luck, sounds like your teacher is gone way far of the mark for what this class is normally about. This class is usually all about pathways inside the cell, and you really never look at organisms, let alone evolution. A graduate class in EEOB would use the molecular basic of the cell to look at evolutionary process

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