Did racial segregation affect other ethnic groups beside black people?

There were absolutely other groups affected by segregation policies.

Most notably, Chinese (and other east Asian) immigrants in the far West, and Mexican-Americans in the Southwest.

As there were against blacks, there were laws saying Asians could not live outside of certain limited areas, could not attend school with white children, could not marry white people, could not own some kinds of businesses, and so on. And very little immigration of Asians was allowed from 1881 until the 1920s.

For Latino citizens, the discrimination was more customary than encoded in law. But it was nearly as powerful. People of Mexican ancestry were denied educational and job opportunities, discriminated against in business, and denied the right to vote. Many neighborhoods were strictly segregated. School children were forbidden to speak Spanish, even during recess.

If you weren't white, you were colored.

yes