What are the differences apart from countries of origin in the following martial arts?

Physical conditioning will depend on the schools. It will vary.

There is no way to cover the rest on a forum like this. It will take too much time and space. Also there are a variety of styles of taekwondo.

This is too broad of a subject to get a good answer. They all will share some similar techniques. Some will share some of the same kata/forms, or whatever they may call it in their schools.

I can only speak to Taekwondo.

Taekwondo today has three main roots in the US: WTF/Kukkiwon, ITF, and ATA. There are smaller groups, like Rhee and some Americanized styles. But these are the big 3 here in the US.

ITF and ATA's lineages go back to Gen Choi, who founded ITF. ITF then later split off into what is now ATA.

WTF today is a collection of old kwans (schools). Some retain their old identity by training in the ways they used to, keeping their forms and customs; while others simply amalgamated into mainstream WTF.

As to these styles, ITF practice the Chang Hon style forms, sometimes called the "Chon Ji" forms, named after the first form in the set. There are 24 forms in the style, and the order they are learnt depends on the instructor - they sometimes change the order around.

WTF practices the Taeguek or Palgwe set of forms.

ATA practices the Songahm set of forms.

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They all have the same basic set of techniques: punch, blocks, kicks, stances, etc. They differ mostly in the forms.

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Conditioning depends on each school. WTF is known for it's hard sparring; sanctioned events are full-contact and allow KO's. ITF can sometimes be seen as full contact, but each venue and school differs: some are light contact, some point-sparring, and many mix it up. ATA is almost always light contact point-sparring, though that's starting to change these days.

Shotokan has its roots directly in Okinawa but was modified to make it more accepted by mainland Japan and the Imperial Military of Japan back in 1930's. Could be seen as a fusion of Shuri and Naha style of Karate which today uses stances that are too low for either of them.

Tang Soo do was the Shotokan that was taught by Koreans taught by Japanese, for the most part they have the same forms of Shotokan. The techniques are Shotokan.

TKD is a Korean sport with roots in Tang Soo Do. they have recently "Found" forms that they do. It is now mostly kicks and an olympic Sport

Wikipedia has good articles for all of these styles that will give you the answers you need.

Can you explain your question further? I am confused