Does throwing your phone like in the movies disable it?

Throwing your phone won't damage it. It's the sudden impact against the floor or wall that damages the phone.

if you throw it hard enough without a case it will make the back and battery pop out. but there are cases that you can do that and nothing happens

I don't understand what you mean by disabled, But it will damage it.

i broke my phone by throwing it across my room so yea