What causes fluorescent bulbs to explode?

Impact with an immovable or hard object.

TNT works pretty well

CFL bulbs don't generate as much heat as incandescents, but they can still explode. A common cause of the explosion is an electrical overload of the bulb's internal capacitor. ... Another cause of CFL explosions is poor manufacturing; if the base of the bulb isn't properly insulated, it can overheat and rupture.

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