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José Rizal (1861-1896) was a national hero of the Philippines and the first Asian nationalist. He expressed the growing national consciousness of many Filipinos who opposed Spanish colonial tyranny and aspired to attain democratic rights.

José Rizal was born in Calamba, Laguna, on June 19, 1861, to a well-to-do family. He studied at the Jesuit Ateneo Municipal in Manila and won many literary honors and prizes. He obtained a bachelor of arts degree with highest honors in 1877. For a time he studied at the University of Santo Tomas, and in 1882 he left for Spain to enter the Central University of Madrid, where he completed his medical and humanistic studies.

In Spain, Rizal composed his sociohistorical novel Noli me tangere (1887), which reflected the sufferings of his countrymen under Spanish feudal despotism and their rebellion. His mother had been a victim of gross injustice at the hands of a vindictive Spanish official of the guardia civil. Because Rizal satirized the ruling friar caste and severely criticized the iniquitous social structure in the Philippines, his book was banned and its readers punished. He replied to his censors with searing lampoons and diatribes, such as La vision de Fray Rodriguez and Por telefono. Writing for the Filipino propaganda newspaper La Solidaridad, edited by Filipino intellectuals in Spain, Rizal fashioned perceptive historical critiques like La indolencia de los Filipinos (The Indolence of the Filipinos) and Filipinas dentro de cien años (The Philippines a Century Hence) and wrote numerous polemical pieces in response to current events.

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