Applying for grad school?

With your degree you would be ineligible to apply for most social science grad programs because you lack the required coursework equivalent to what a major would've taken in these areas. The only exception might be econ, but you do not seem to be going in that direction anyhow.

When you apply to an academic grad program at any half-decent school you are required to have scholarly recommendations from professors who can attest to your ability to conduct academic research. If you lack this, then this is a major detriment in your ability to get into an academic grad program. Unranked undistinguished programs may be more lenient but degrees from these types of places are not of value to anyone but yourself.

You may want to reevaluate your ability to get into a more professional-type of program such as MBA, or an MS in finance.

The answers vary a LOT from school to school, so I can't say for certain, but here's some general rules of thumb:

1) If you're looking at a Masters, you probably don't have to do anything but apply. Most schools start accepting applications the semester before classes would start (so, if you applied now, you MIGHT be able to get in in the fall, but most likely in the spring). Some schools require you to take the GRE (depending on what field you go into), but most don't, and most MBA programs don't require the GRE either. MBA programs do, however, like to see industry experience in whatever 'industry' is for your field.

2) If you're looking at going for a PhD, all that's out the window. Almost every school requires you to take the GRE, you'll probably need letters of rec. from professors, etc. The bonus is that most PhD programs wave tuition and give you a stipend. Most PhD programs only accept applications August-December for entrance the following fall.

All those questions are dependent upon what school you wish to attend. Most schools require you to take the GRE (graduate record exam) and yes, in most grad schools you have to have reccomendations.