How did people dump a load during medieval times? Did they go in a bucket and toss it out a window or dig a latrine outside or what?

Both. There were indoor toilets in major structures, though they weren't flush toilets and had to be emptied. In the country people would just step outside, but in very cold weather probably used a bucket indoors. People in towns and cities used a fancier bucket or even a commode. Waste would be dumped in the street or in a cesspool shared by several homes.

In town, they just dumped the pot out the window, but I speculate the farmers had enough space to be more sanitary about it.

Probably the both of it, and this is the kind of stuff that contributed towards the spread of diseases.

Where? The renaissance brought Europe such gorgeous works of art as the fabulous 'Garderobe of Lorenzo de Medici'

This magnificent toilet had a staff of nine, and was equipped with boilers and bowls of porcelain, marble and bronze. It included ivory straining bars, and a complete apothecary's supplies.

Mostly they did it in a bucket or pot and it was sometimes thrown from the upstairs window, most pavements were open sewers in towns at that time.

That is what cobblestone streets were all about then, where there was human poop mixed in with all the horse droppings on many streets.

But yeah, they had chamber pots, which were used for that, and they did have out houses too for areas that did not have all the stone works around.

Yes and yes.

They just shook it out the leg of their trousers.

Right up until the 1880s or so.

Behind the bushes.

In the "Out House"

Military in latrines.

On bridges into rivers.

The rich used linen cloths for reusable wipes.

Others used leafs, or pebbles.

When catalogs and magazines became popular they were torn apart page by page. Sears catalog was very popular in farm districts.