Interior Wall Structure of 1800's Houses? Historians?

You have a lath and plaster wall. The little boards are the lath. They have nothing to do with the load bearing parts of the wall. They are only there to hold the plaster onto the wall and if you remove them nothing will happen. They are usually cedar and make the best kindling you ever saw, if you have a fireplace or wood stove. It's a bit scary knowing they are inside the walls and that flammable. You can still buy them, though a plaster wall is almost unknown in new building these days, but they are useful in a few other ways. What I think you are calling beams, the vertical pieces of wood that the lath is nailed to, are studs and they are what holds the wall up. I've had a couple of houses that were built some time in the late 1930s/early 40s that had lath and plaster.. Drywall wasn't all that common until after WW2.

Interior Wall Structure

Those are lath boards and the installation is called lath and plaster. Notice that the boards are spaced approx. 3/8" apart. That is so the base coat of plaster goes between the boards, thus adhering the plaster to the lath. The plaster which goes between the boards is called a key. Lath and plaster was regularly used up until the early 1950's when drywall came into popularity. I'm curious about your house built in 1922 which doesn't have lath and plaster.

Those wood slats are called lath and it's how they used to put plaster up onto walls before they invented drywall. The type of wall is technically called lath and plaster (go figure).

It could be that your house doesn't have it because someone in the past gutted it and took all that out and rehung sheet rock? You didnt' say if it was sheet rock or plaster up.